Mountains are home to some of the most spectacular biodiversity on Earth, but mountain species are thought to be especially vulnerable to climate change-driven extinctions. However, mountains can also be refugia, providing a plethora of habitats and climates that allow species to persist despite climate change. In this piece published in Nature Reviews Biodiversity, researchers, including Benjamin Freeman and Jenny McGuire of the School of Biological Sciences, examine how mountain species have responded to past and ongoing warming to assess their vulnerability and resilience to climate change.